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Language and Speech-Related Definitions (See the links page for other websites with information on these items)
• ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) the patient doesn’t stay on task, loss of thought organization, they second guess themselves and change their mind or become confused about what was clear at first, varied time delay on processing information. • ADHD (Attention Deficit Disorder Hyperactivity Disorder) characterized by the following: short attention span, easily distracted, poor listening, don’t finish what they start without large amounts of supervision, impulsive (no postponing), disruptive, not organized, doesn’t slow down, immature socially, always wants more, doesn’t take responsibility, excessive pretending/story making, or doesn’t handle criticism well. • Aphasia expressive aphasia describes a person who has trouble expressing his/her thoughts and receptive aphasia is when the understanding of what is being said, written or seen around them does not have meaning. Stroke and head injury are the most common causes of Aphasia. • Articulation disorder the patient has trouble saying specific sounds in one or all locations of a word. For example: "bacuum" instead of "vacuum" or "wed" instead of "red". • Aspiration when food or liquids reach the level of the vocal folds and then enter into the lungs. • Autism a physical disorder of the patient’s brain, which causes developmental disabilities in speech, pragmatics (social skills/getting along with others), language, interacting with objects (e.g. toys) A child with autism often becomes very upset if schedules are changed or items in a familiar room are moved. They can be sensitive to sounds, smells and tactile (feeling/texture) characteristics. Consult your physician and get a referral to a Speech Pathologist if any of these characteristics sound familiar. • Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) characterized by difficulty comprehending speech in the presence of competing background noise or speech, distractibility, hyperactivity, inattentiveness and short attention, poor memory for auditory information especially complex messages, difficulty understanding verbal directions, and academic underachievement and reading difficulties because of auditory-phonetic confusions. If some of these characteristics are a concern, consult your physician. You might need a referral to an Audiologist and Speech Pathologist. • Dysarthria a speech disorder that effects muscular control. Speech can be slow, uncoordinated or there may be a change in muscle tone of the mechanism used for speech. Dysarthric speech can result from strokes, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), closed head injuries and other injuries. • Dysphagia (swallowing disorder) difficulty swallowing liquids or solid foods. Dysphagia can result from a progressive neurological problem such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and many other problems. A Speech Language Pathologist can evaluate, recommend therapy, and make changes in meals to increase safety while eating. Consult your physician. Consistent coughing and choking at meals could result in aspiration. • Ear infections otitis media or chronic ear infections can occur at any age. The inflammation of the middle ear usually causes pain and fever. Chronic otitis media can put a child at risk for articulation and language disorders as well as hearing loss. • Expressive language disorder the patient has difficulty with finding the words he/she wants to say (anomia), words in sentences are spoken out of sequence. The patient may have clear speech, but what is spoken is meaningless or off topic. • Fluency disorder (stuttering) a break in the flow of speech. A person may repeat sounds, words phrases or try to speak and no words come out at all. A person might also have body movements (e.g. head, facial, or upper body) that occur as they attempt to speak. Stuttering typically occurs more in males beginning around 3-5 years of age. Don’t call attention to it. Give them time to talk. Don’t fill in words or hurry them. Keep good eye contact and listen to their thoughts and ideas. If these characteristics continue consult your physician and get a referral to a Speech Pathologist if needed. • Language disorder if a family member does not speak or use sentences correctly (child language), adult language can be effected. There may be a variety of causes, such as: closed head injury, stroke (aphasia), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and many others. • Parkinson Disease a progressive neurological disorder that can affect speech clarity, voice, swallowing and other fine and gross motor abilities. • Receptive language disorder the patient is unable to follow directions, remember what is said, read or even has trouble with lengthy sentences. • Voice disorder If the persons voice is rough, raspy, wears out as the day goes on, is breathy, or turns on and off they could have a voice problem. Edema or swelling of the vocal folds/chords is a common condition that results in voice problems. If you have had a problem with your voice for more than 2 weeks and you have not been sick with allergies or a cold you should consult you physician. Your doctor can refer you to a Speech Pathologist if needed.
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